Iimagnethi zizinto ezibangela umdla ezithe zathimba intelekelelo yabantu kangangeenkulungwane.Ukususela kumaGrike amandulo ukuya kwizazinzulu zanamhlanje, abantu baye bachukunyiswa yindlela iimagnethi ezisebenza ngayo kunye neendlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngayo.Iimagnethi ezisisigxina luhlobo lwemagnethi egcina iimpawu zayo zemagnethi naxa ingekho kubukho bomhlaba wemagnethi yangaphandle.siya kuphonononga inzululwazi ngasemva koomazibuthe abasisigxina kunye nemagnethi ekhoyo, kuquka nokwakheka kwazo, iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.
Icandelo 1: Yintoni iMagnetism?
IMagnetism ibhekisa kwipropathi ebonakalayo yemathiriyeli ethile ebavumela ukuba batsale okanye bagxothe ezinye izinto ngemagnethi.Ezi zixhobo kuthiwa zimagnetic okanye zineempawu zemagnethi.
Izinto zemagneti zibonakaliswa bubukho bemimandla yamagnetic, eyimimandla emincinci apho imimandla yamagnetic yee-athomu nganye ihambelana.Xa le mimandla ilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo, yenza i-macroscopic magnetic field enokuthi ibonwe ngaphandle kwezinto.
Izinto zemagneti zinokuhlelwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-ferromagnetic kunye neparamagnetic.Iimathiriyeli zeFerromagnetic zinamandla kazibuthe, kwaye ziquka intsimbi, nickel, kunye necobalt.Bayakwazi ukugcina iimpawu zabo zamagnetic nangona kungabikho indawo yangaphandle yamagnetic.Iimathiriyeli zeParamagnetic, kwelinye icala, zibuthathaka zimagnetic kwaye zibandakanya izinto ezinjengealuminium kunye neplatinam.Zibonisa kuphela iimpawu zemagnethi xa ziphantsi kwemagnethi yangaphandle.
I-Magnetism inemisebenzi emininzi esebenzayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, kubandakanywa kwiinjini zombane, iijenereyitha, kunye neziguquli.Iimathiriyeli zemagneti zikwasetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokugcina idatha ezifana nehard drives, kunye nakubuchwepheshe bokucinga bezonyango obufana nemagnethi imaging resonance (MRI).
Icandelo 2: Imimandla yeMagnetic
Imimandla yemagnethi ngumba osisiseko wemagnethi kwaye ichaza indawo engqonge umazibuthe okanye ucingo oluthwele umsinga apho unokubonwa khona amandla emagnethi.Ezi nkalo azibonakali, kodwa iziphumo zazo zinokubonwa ngokuhamba kwezinto zamagnetic okanye ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemimandla yamagnetic kunye nombane.
Imimandla yemagnethi yenziwa kukushukuma kweentlawuliso zombane, njengokuhamba kwee-electron kucingo okanye ukujikeleza kwee-electron kwi-athomu.Isalathiso kunye namandla ommandla wamagnetic kugqitywa ngokuqhelaniswa kunye nokuhamba kwezi ntlawulo.Ngokomzekelo, kwi-bar magnet, intsimi yamagnetic inamandla kakhulu kwizibonda kwaye ibuthathaka kakhulu kwiziko, kwaye isalathiso sentsimi sisuka kwisibonda esisemantla ukuya kumzantsi.
Amandla omhlaba wemagnethi alinganiswa ngokweeyunithi ze-tesla (T) okanye i-gauss (G), kwaye isalathiso sentsimi sinokuchazwa kusetyenziswa umthetho wasekunene, othi ukuba ubhontsi wesandla sasekunene ukhomba phakathi. ulwalathiso lwangoku, ngoko iminwe iya kugoba kwicala lentsimi yamagnetic.
Imimandla yemagnethi inemisebenzi emininzi esebenzayo, kubandakanywa iinjini kunye neejenereyitha, oomatshini bokucinga ngemagnethi (MRI), kunye nezixhobo zokugcina idatha ezifana neehard drives.Zikwasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zenzululwazi kunye nezobunjineli, ezinje ngee-accelerator zamasuntswana kunye noololiwe bemagnethi bemagnethi.
Ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kunye neepropathi zemagnethi kubalulekile kwiinkalo ezininzi zokufunda, kubandakanya i-electromagnetism, i-quantum mechanics, kunye nesayensi yezixhobo.
Icandelo lesi-3: Ukuqulunqwa kweemagnethi eziSisigxina
Umazibuthe osisigxina, okwaziwa ngokuba "ziimagnethi ezisisigxina" okanye "izinto ezizibuthe ezisisigxina," ngokwesiqhelo yenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zeferromagnetic okanye zeferrimagnetic.Ezi zixhobo zikhethwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukugcina intsimi yamagnetic, ezivumela ukuba zivelise umphumo ohambelanayo wamagnetic ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ezona zixhobo zixhaphakileyo zeferromagnetic ezisetyenziswa kwiimagnethi ezisisigxina yintsimbi, nickel, kunye necobalt, ezinokudityaniswa nezinye izinto ukuphucula iipropathi zazo zemagneti.Umzekelo, imagnethi ye-neodymium luhlobo lwemagnethi yomhlaba enqabileyo eyenziwe yi-neodymium, intsimbi, kunye ne-boron, ngelixa imagnethi ye-samarium cobalt yenziwe ngesamarium, cobalt, intsimbi kunye nobhedu.
Ukwakhiwa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina kunokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezifana neqondo lobushushu eziya kusetyenziswa kulo, amandla afunwayo kunye nesalathiso semagnethi, kunye nesicelo esicetywayo.Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iimagnethi zisenokwenziwa ukuze zimelane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngoxa ezinye zisenokwenziwa ukuze zivelise imagnethi eyomeleleyo kwicala elithile.
Ukongeza kwizixhobo zabo eziphambili zemagneti, iimagnethi ezisisigxina zinokubandakanya iileya okanye iileya ezikhuselayo zokuthintela umhlwa okanye umonakalo, kunye nokubunjwa kunye nomatshini ukwenza iimilo ezithile kunye nobukhulu bokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Icandelo lesi-4: Iindidi zeMaginethi eziSisigxina
Iimagnethi ezisisigxina zinokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ngokusekwe kubume bazo, iipropathi zemagneti, kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa.Nazi ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zemagnethi ezisisigxina:
1.Imazibuthe zeNeodymium: Ezi magnethi zomhlaba zinqabileyo zenziwe ngeodymium, intsimbi, kunye neboron, kwaye lolona hlobo lunamandla lweemagnethi ezisisigxina ezikhoyo.Banamandla amakhulu emagnethi kwaye anokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iinjini, iijenereyitha, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
I-2.Samarium cobalt magnets: Ezi magnethi zomhlaba zinqabileyo zenziwe nge-samarium, i-cobalt, isinyithi, kunye nobhedu, kwaye zaziwa ngokuzinza kwazo okuphezulu kobushushu kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola.Zisetyenziselwa izicelo ezifana ne-aerospace kunye nokukhusela, kunye neenjini eziphezulu zokusebenza kunye neejeneretha.
3.Imazibuthe zeFerrite: Ikwaziwa ngokuba ziimagnethi zeceramic, iimagnethi zeferrite zenziwe ngezinto zeceramic ezixutywe nentsimbi oxide.Banamandla emagnethi asezantsi kunemagnethi anqabileyo omhlaba, kodwa afikelelekayo kwaye asetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo ezinjengezithethi, iimotor, kunye nemagnethi yefriji.
Imagnethi ye-Alnico: Ezi magnethi zenziwe nge-aluminiyam, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt, kwaye zaziwa ngamandla azo aphezulu wemagnethi kunye nokuzinza kobushushu.Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso ezifana nezinzwa, iimitha, kunye neenjini zombane.
5.Imagnethi ezibophelelekileyo: Ezi magnethi zenziwe ngokuxuba umgubo wemagnethi kunye nesibophelelo, kwaye zinokwenziwa zibe ziimilo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nobukhulu.Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinjengezinzwa, izixhobo zemoto, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
Ukhetho lohlobo lwemagnethi esisigxina luxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo, kubandakanya amandla ombane afunekayo, uzinzo lobushushu, iindleko, kunye nemiqobo yokuvelisa.
Icandelo 5: Zisebenza Njani Iimagnethi?
Iimagnethi zisebenza ngokudala imagnethi edibana nezinye izixhobo zombane okanye imisinga yombane.Ummandla wamagnetic udalwe kukulungelelaniswa kwamaxesha amagnetic kwizinto eziphathekayo, ezizibonda ezincinci ezisemantla nasezantsi ezenza amandla kazibuthe.
Kwimagnethi esisigxina, njengemagnethi yebar, amaxesha amagnetic alungelelaniswa kwicala elithile, ngoko ke intsimi yamagnetic inamandla kakhulu kwizibonda kwaye ibuthathaka kwiziko.Xa ibekwe kufutshane nesixhobo semagnethi, umhlaba wemagnethi wenza amandla kwinto leyo, nokuba iyayitsala okanye iyayigxotha ngokuxhomekeke kwimo yemizuzu yemagnethi.
Kwimagnethi ye-electromagnetic, intsimi yamagnetic yenziwa ngumbane ohamba nge-coil yocingo.Umbane wombane udala intsimi yamagnetic e-perpendicular ukuya kwicala lokuhamba kwangoku, kwaye amandla ombane angakwazi ukulawulwa ngokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wangoku ojikelezayo kwikhoyili.Ii-electromagnets zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezinje ngeenjini, izithethi, kunye neejenereyitha.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemimandla yemagnethi kunye nemisinga yombane ikwasisiseko sezinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo zobuchwepheshe, kubandakanywa iijenereyitha, iziguquli, kunye neenjini zombane.Kwijenereyitha, umzekelo, ukujikeleza kwemagnethi kufuphi nekhoyili yocingo kubangela umsinga wombane kwintambo, enokusetyenziswa ukuvelisa amandla ombane.Kwimotor yombane, intsebenziswano phakathi kommandla wemagnethi wemoto kunye nokuqukuqela kwangoku kwikhoyili yocingo kudala itorque eqhuba ukujikeleza kwemoto.
Ngokwale mpawu, sinokuyila ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo lepoleni lemagnethi ukuze sidibanise ukukhulisa amandla emagnethi kwindawo ekhethekileyo ngexesha lomsebenzi, njengeHalbeck.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-24-2023